• Rising temperatures are expected to increase the risks associated with extreme weather events. Examples of such events include floods, droughts, tropical and other storms, extremely high temperatures, and wild fires.

• "Tropical-cyclone-like" vortices are being simulated in climate models, although enough uncertainty remains over their interpretation to warrant caution in projections of tropical cyclone changes.

• Extreme events include, for example, floods, soil moisture deficits, tropical cyclones, storms, high temperatures, and fires.

• Precipitation is likely! to increase over high-latitude regions in both summer and winter. Increases are also projected over northern mid-latitudes, tropical Africa and Antarctica in winter, and in southern and eastern Asia in summer. Australia, Central America, and southern Africa show consistent decreases in winter rainfall

• In Africa today, tropical forests and rangelands are under threat from population pressures and systems of land use.

• Attempts to overcome this problem have involved the use of indicator species (e.g., butterflies, penguins, frogs, and sea anemones) to detect responses to climate change and to infer more general impacts of climate change on natural systems (e.g., in native meadows, coastal Antarctica, tropical cloud forest, and the Pacific rocky intertidal, respectively).