In addition, the climatic Patient influence of both greenhouse gases and aerosols Cause can be incorporated. By taking into account the global cooling potential of man-made aerosols, GCMs have simulated a rise in temperature close to the observed 0.6 ° C. [ ENCY 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

The influence of external factors Cause on climate Patient can be broadly compared using the concept of radiative forcing 8. [ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

Studies with atmospheric chemistry and climate models suggest that ozone depletion Cause will continue to have some influence on climate Patient for the next few decades Duration . [ 1CANADACCD 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

The impacts of short-term weather events on human health have been further elucidated since the SAR, particularly in relation to periods of thermal stress, the modulation of air pollution impacts, the impacts of storms and floods, and the influences of seasonal and interannual climatic variability Cause on infectious diseases Patient . [ GREENFACTS 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

Over this short period of time, the trends observed at the surface and in the lower atmosphere are both significantly influenced by the warming Patient influence of a strong El Niño event Cause in 1982-83 Time and the cooling influence of increased volcanic dust in the atmosphere for several years following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991. [ 6CANADAQFP 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

For much the same reason, the effects of variations in the intensity of the sun, stratospheric ozone depletion , and changes in concentrations of non-sulphate aerosols were also excluded, although these Cause have undoubtedly had some influence on climate Patient over the past century Duration (see Possible Causes of Recent Climate Change). [ 3CANADAENVIRON 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

Although there are a number of ways of measuring the strength of different greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the Global Warming Potential (GWP) is perhaps the most useful, particularly as a policy instrument. GWPs measure the influence greenhouse gases Cause have on the natural greenhouse effect Patient , including the ability of greenhouse gas molecules to absorb or trap heat and the length of time greenhouse gas molecules remain in the atmosphere before being removed or broken down, the atmospheric lifetime. [ ENCY 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

These include the influence of direct and indirect emissions Cause on radiative forcing Patient , costs, health, safety and environmental impacts for each application and compound; service or design practices that can lead to reduced leakage; the effects of recovery and recycling. [ 4IPCCSROCSPMTS 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

These are determined by factors such as incoming solar radiation (which varies with latitude and time of year), the influence of prevailing characteristics of cloud cover, aerosols and other components of the atmosphere Cause on the flow of the sun's energy into the atmosphere and of heat energy out again Patient , prevailing winds and other atmospheric conditions, and local geophysical conditions that, in general, change slowly and in a more predictable manner. [ 6CANADAQFP 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

While much remains to be known about their Cause various Descriptor influences on climate, the net effect of all these forces appears to be broadly similar in magnitude to the combined influence of greenhouse gases and the direct effect of sulphate aerosols. [ 1CANADACCD 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

Moreover, the influence of distant events Cause is itself important; the driest years are generally those in which an El Nino episode occurs (see El Nino: Fact and Fiction, by Bruno Voituriez and Guy Jacques, UNESCO 1999), for example in 1972, 1982-83. [ JACLET 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

Here we consider the influences of CH4, N2O, and SO2 Cause separately. [ 13IPCCSTABILISATIONDESGAZ 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is charged with assessing climate research, stated in 2001 that 'the balance of evidence' suggested a human Agent influence on climate Patient . [ AWORLDOFSCIENCE 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

Many parts of the region have been subject to significant Degree human Agent influences, especially after European settlement, particularly from widespread vegetation clearance, the use of fire as a management tool, and from the introduction of non-native plants and animals. [ 2IPCCBIODIVERSITE 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

However, other causes of climate change Cause influence the Earth Patient on much shorter time scales Duration , with changes sometimes occurring within a single generation Result . [ ENCY 0 MCLH 12/07/2013 ]

Assemble comprehensive predictive models of the potential impacts of abrupt climate change to improve projections of how climate Cause could influence food, water and energy Patient . [ RAPPORTPENTAGONE 0 MCLH 12/07/2012 ]

Furthermore government policies Cause can, to varying degrees, influence the GHG emission drivers such as demographic change, social and economic development, technological change, resource use, and pollution management Patient . [ 12IPCCSREMISSIONS 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

Changing land use Cause could influence atmospheric CO2 concentration Patient . [ 1IPCCBILAN2001 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

Humans are altering the concentration of greenhouse gases and aerosols, both of which Cause influence, and are influenced by, climate Patient . [ 10IPCCMODELE 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

Scientists have proposed that changes in this global ocean circulation Cause influence climate changes Patient over hundreds and thousands of years Duration . [ ENCY 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

Land surface changes provide important feedbacks as anthropogenic climate changes (e.g., increased temperature, changes in precipitation, changes in net radiative heating, and the direct effects of CO2) Cause will influence the state of the land surface (e.g., soil moisture, albedo, roughness and vegetation) Patient . [ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

Future emissions of other greenhouse gases Cause also influence future climate and sea level Patient appreciably Degree , generally leading to larger changes than from CO2 emissions alone. [ 13IPCCSTABILISATIONDESGAZ 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

Changes in other climatic elements in addition to temperature, such as rainfall, sunshine, cloud cover, and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events Cause , will influence these vulnerable ecosystems Patient . [ ENCY 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

Minimum nighttime temperatures Patient are influenced by the amount of water vapour in the air Cause , and for that reason they are a good predictor of the following afternoon 's dewpoint - the temperature at which the air is saturated with water vapour. [ 2CANADACCD 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

Atmospheric pollution from major volcanic eruptions Cause can influence the global climate Patient over one to two years Duration . [ ENCY 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

The presence of air pollutants in the Arctic, and large scale water diversions may also have local climate effects that Cause , in some cases can influence global climates Patient . [ 5CANADAICC 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

The Montreal Protocol in 1987 has helped to phase out CFCs emissions in an attempt to protect the ozone layer, but because of their long atmospheric lifetimes, they Cause will continue to influence the greenhouse effect Patient for many years Duration . [ ENCY 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

The Rocky Mountains for example, which extend along the western side of the North American continent Cause , influence significantly Degree the climate on their eastern flank Patient . [ ENCY 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]

Interannual variability and inter-decadal variability Cause could be influencing these changes. [ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 MCLH 14/07/2013 ]

The new model also has a more sophisticated sea ice component that simulates the transport of sea ice and the effects of ice deformation , both of which influence energy flow between atmosphere and ocean Patient . [ 3CANADAENVIRON 0 MCLH 13/07/2013 ]