• The study showed that decreasing the area of vegetable crops by introducing long crop rotations with pastures, introducing green manures and animal manure applications during the inter-crop periods, and integrating beef-cattle production into the farm system would be a better strategy than the farmers.

• Second, pasture and forage crops in rotation enhance soil quality and reduce erosion; livestock manure, in turn, contributes to soil fertility.

• The amounts of manure dry matter and N and P applied to crop land are greatest, however, in the higher rainfall areas where cattle manure is more important than sheep and goat manure.