If this trend continues, experts predict smaller mountain glaciers could melt, areas of frozen ground (permafrost) Patient could thaw and alpine regions could shrink. [ AWORLDOFSCIENCE 0 SB MCLH 01/07/2013 ]

Manitoba, for example, has invested heavily in flood protection, mainly because the Red is naturally flood-prone in spring (due to the fact that it is a north-flowing river and its exit into Lake Winnipeg often remains frozen after upstream sections to the south Patient have begun to thaw). [ 2CANADACCD9801 0 SB MCLH 01/07/2013 ]

Seasonally frozen ground is a soil layer that Patient freezes and thaws annually Frequency , which may or may not overlie terrestrial permafrost, and also includes some portions of the Arctic seabed that freeze in winter. [ WG1AR5DG 0 MCLH 14/03/2014 ]

In northern Alaska, estimates of permafrost Patient thawing under thaw lakes Location are in the range 0.9 to 1.7 cm aÐ1 (Ling and Zhang, 2003). [ WG1AR5DG 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Ground that Patient freezes and thaws annually Frequency is called seasonally frozen ground. [ WG1AR5WY 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Frozen areas close to the freezing point Patient will thaw and undergo substantial changes with warming. [ 7IPCCREGION 0 SB MCLH 01/07/2013 ]

However, current models do not include the full complexity of Arctic processes that occur when permafrost Patient thaws, such as the formation of lakes and ponds. [ WG1AR5FY 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

In such areas, permafrost temperatures have shown little or no change, indicating that permafrost Patient is thawing internally Manner but remaining very close to the melting point (Smith et al., 2010). [ WG1AR5DF 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

We find that areas that Patient thawed over the past 15 years Duration had 40 per cent more annual losses of old carbon than minimally thawed areas, but had overall net ecosystem carbon uptake as increased plant growth offset these losses. [ PANACEA 28554 0 AMG 24/07/2015 ]

Over the past 40 years Duration , the Arctic Patient has begun to thaw, with warmer temperatures that are rising at twice the rate as anywhere else in the world Cause . [ PANACEA 26344 0 AMG 31/07/2015 ]

In Canada Location , the uppermost metres of permafrost Patient will thaw on approximately one fifth of the surface currently covered by permafrost Expanse . [ PANACEA 28033 0 AMG 24/07/2015 ]

As northern climates warm Cause , permafrost Patient is beginning to thaw, deepening the soil active layer and making the stored carbon available for decomposition to greenhouse gases or for transport downstream Result . [ PANACEA W006312633 0 AMG MCLH 24/07/2015 ]

But in the past few decades Time , as the Earth has warmed Cause , the icy ground Patient has begun thawing more rapidly Manner , accelerating the release of methane Result [ PANACEA 7238 0 AMG 23/07/2015 ]

Increasing temperature Cause will thaw permafrost Patient and melt more snow and ice. [ 7IPCCREGION 0 SB AMG 25/07/2015 ]

Amplified climate warming at high latitudes Cause is thawing permafrost Patient and increasing the prevalence of wildfire in tundra ecosystems. [ PANACEA 12633 0 AMG 25/07/2015 ]

That could lead to a situation in which the temperature of the sea sediment rises above freezing , which Cause would thaw the permafrost Patient . [ PANACEA 27834 0 AMG 25/07/2015 ]

The Pacific algae, absent from the North Atlantic for 800,000 years according to fossil records, apparently returned after climate change Cause thawed sea ice Patient and currents carried the microscopic plants across the Arctic Ocean [ d'après PANACEA 10618 0 AMG 24/07/2015 ]

In a warming climate, permafrost Patient thawing may induce decomposition of carbon accumulated in frozen soils which could persist for hundreds to thousands of years, leading to an increase of atmospheric CO2 and/or methane (CH4) [ WG1AR5AL 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Inland aquatic ecosystems will be influenced by climate change through altered water temperatures, flow regimes, water levels and thawing of permafrost Patient at high latitudes Location . [ 7IPCCREGION 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Some wetlands will be replaced by forests or heathlands, and those overlying permafrost are likely to be disrupted as a result of thawing of permafrost Patient (high confidence). [ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Also included in the computation of the total change are smaller contributions from thawing of permafrost Patient , deposition of sediment, and the ongoing contributions from ice sheets as a result of climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum. [ 11IPCCBILAN2001 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Indeed, recent observations (Dorrepaal et al., 2009; Kuhry et al., 2010) suggest that this process, induced by widespread Expanse permafrost Patient warming and thawing (Romanovsky et al., 2010), might be already occurring. [ WG1AR5NO 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

As warming occurs, there will be considerable Degree thawing of permafrost Patient - leading to changes in drainage, increased slumping, and altered landscapes over large areas. [ 7IPCCREGION 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

In addition, it is virtually certain that large areas of permafrost Patient will experience thawing over multiple centuries. [ GW1AE5FD 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Similarly, the annual Duration freezing and thawing of seasonally frozen ground Patient is coupled to the land surface energy and moisture fluxes, and thus to climate. [ WG1AR5DF 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Specifically, the network of selected biosphere reserves is observing cryospheric indicators, such as snow cover, glaciers, permafrost and solifluction (where freezing and thawing of the ground Patient results in soil-surface slippage); high-mountain, freshwater ecosystems and watershed hydrology; and terrestrial ecosystems, especially mountain plant life and certain soil-dwelling animals. [ AWORLDOFSCIENCE 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Thawing of unsaturated Yedoma carbon deposits (which contain large, but uncertain amounts of organic carbon in permafrost in northeast Siberia Patient ; Schirrmeister et al., 2011) was postulated to produce significant CH4 emissions (Khvorostyanov et al., 2008), however more recent estimates with Yedoma carbon lability constrained by incubation observations (Dutta et al., 2006) argue for smaller emissions at 2100 (Koven et al., 2011). [ WG1AR5GA 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Overall, there is high confidence that reductions in permafrost extent due to warming Cause will cause thawing of some currently frozen carbon Patient . [ WG1AR5FX 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

Examples of observed changes include shrinkage of glaciers, thawing of permafrost Patient , later freezing and earlier break-up of ice on rivers and lakes, lengthening of mid to high-latitude growing seasons, pole ward and altitudinal shifts of plant and animal ranges, declines of some plant and animal populations, and earlier flowering of trees, emergence of insects, and egg-laying in birds (see Figure SPM-1). [ 3IPCCCONSEQUENCE 0 SB MCLH 15/03/2014 ]

The layer of ground that Patient is subject to annual Duration thawing and freezing in areas underlain by permafrost Location . [ WG1AR5WX 0 MCLH 15/03/2014 ]