• Ecosystem models indicate that the additional terrestrial uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide arising from the indirect effects of human activities (e.g., CO2 fertilization and nutrient deposition) on a global scale is likely to be maintained for a number of decades in forest ecosystems, but may gradually diminish and forest ecosystems could even become a source.

• Land-use, land-use change, and forestry activities (afforestation, reforestation, avoided deforestation, and improved forest, cropland, and grazing land management practices) and implementation of renewable energy sources (hydro-, wind-, and solar power and biofuels) may affect biodiversity depending upon site selection and management practices.

• As well as the effects of temperature and precipitation variations, and changes to weather patterns, forest growth may also respond to increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.