• Uncertainties resulting from the omission of some potentially critical oceanic and biospheric processes, and their response during transient climate changes could have a significant effect on the conclusions regarding impacts.

• Dynamic models of climate, biospheric processes and other socio-economic factors to take account of the developing, time-varying nature of global change.

• The standing stock of C in the marine biosphere is very small, however, and efforts could focus, not on increasing biological C stocks, but on using biospheric processes to remove C from the atmosphere and transport it to the deep ocean.