• These natural hazards can cause direct loss of life and injury and can affect health indirectly through loss of shelter, population displacement, contamination of water supplies, loss of food production (leading to hunger and malnutrition), increased risk of infectious disease epidemics (including diarrhoeal and respiratory disease), and damage to infrastructure for provision of health services (very high confidence).

• Or, picture Japan, suffering from flooding along its coastal cities and contamination of its fresh water supply, eying Russia 's Sakhalin Island oil and gas reserves as an energy source to power desalination plants and energy-intensive agricultural processes.

• Avoid contamination of temporary ponds and other natural wetlands by limiting use of these products near them.