• The highest rates of urbanization in contemporary Amazonia are found in inland settlement frontiers where mining, timber extraction, and other resource sectors are the dominant economic activities.

• Due to the presence of high value ‘luxury’ timber that is popular for furniture and buildings in cities and tourist areas, timber smuggling is profitable and widespread.

• In Indonesia, even the most commercialised forest product, timber, has been undervalued as the domestic market for round wood has been protected; this is reflected in the rates of stumpage fees and obligatory reforestation fund payments set by the government.